The metallurgy of antimony
Antimony is a silvery, white, brittle, crystalline solid that exhibits poor conductivity of electricity and heat. It has an atomic number of 51, an atomic weight of 122 and a density of 6.697 kg/m 3 at 26 °C. Antimony metal, also known as 'regulus', melts at 630 °C and boils at 1380 °C.Antimony and the natural sulfide of antimony were known as early as 4000 BC.
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Leaching of Antimony From a Refractory Precious Metals …
pyrometallurgical techniques are usually relied upon. The key step for removal of the antimony has been an ambient ... antimony extractive processes involve pyrometallurgical
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A hydrometallurgical process for the separation and recovery of antimony
However, the disposal of lead using the conventional pyrometallurgical technique has become excessively expensive due to increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations and ...
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METHODS FOR PROCESSING OF ANTIMONY …
Antimony metallurgy is intended for the production of metallic antimony by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. Table 1. The main methods of processing antimony raw materials …
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Antimony Recovery from End-of-Life Products and Industrial …
Hydrometallurgical methods are based on two steps: leaching (alkaline sulfide or acidic chloride system), followed by the electrodeposition of antimony metal at the cathode, or hydrolysis with NaOH or NH 4 OH to produce Sb 2 O 3 [].At this moment, mainly pyrometallurgical processes are used, but hydrometallurgical processes based on alkaline sulfide leaching have …
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Processes | Free Full-Text | A Review on Pyrometallurgical …
A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. ... J.-P. (2022). A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony from Primary Resources: Current Practices and Evolving Processes ...
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Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite
Pyrometallurgical techniques for antimony production have been reported, such as reductive smelting (Chen et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2003), reduction roasting smelting (Ouyang et al., 2018, 2019a), direct-reductive smelting (Berdikulova et al., 2018) and alkaline smelting (Margulis, 2000; Xu and Wu, 1997). Most of them, however, are still on ...
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A New Pyrometallurgical Recycling Technique for Lead Battery …
An innovative lead recycling process from scrap lead-acid battery paste is presented. The novelty in the process is avoiding SO2 generation and emission by using reductive sulfur-fixing technique. Iron-bearing secondary wastes produced from metallurgical industry were utilized as sulfur-fixing agent to capture sulfur in the form of FeS (s) instead of generation of SO2 (g). Na2CO3 molten …
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A New Pyrometallurgical Process for Producing Antimony White …
Antimonial dust is a by-product of lead smelting and an important material for extracting antimony. A new pyrometallurgical process for producing antimony white from the antimonial dust is reported. The process mainly consists of three steps, which are reduction smelting, alkaline refining, and blowing oxidation. First, the reduction smelting of antimonial …
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Lead Refining Plant:(Pyrometallurgical techniques)
Lead Refining Plant:(Pyrometallurgical techniques) The Lead Bullion is fed into a refining kettle. Lead bullion contains many other metallic impurities including antimony, arsenic, copper, tin and zinc. Refining Process of Lead in Detail: a. Removal …
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Antimony Metallurgy
Pyrometallurgical refinement of antimony mostly happens in a reverberatory furnace. After the added sodium carbonate is molten, compressed air is blown into the antimony liquid for basic refining. The impurities in antimony liquid such as arsenic, selenium, and tellurium are oxidized to become the corresponding sodium salts; the sulfur and ...
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Review of copper pyrometallurgical practice: today and tomorrow
The pyrometallurgical processing of copper varies worldwide with respect to the charge materials, process, operating parameters, and the physical shape, size, and orientation of the vessel. ... Apart from impacting on price via the formation of strategic stockpiles, grade flexing (low-grading) is another technique. Ore grade flexing by means of ...
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Copper and Antimony Recovery from Electronic Waste by
pyrometallurgical techniques or hydrometallurgical processes.3 The recovery of precious metals such as gold and palladium, 13,14 copper, 15,16 and rare earths 17 through pyrolysis
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A hydrometallurgical process for the separation and recovery of antimony
Chloridation–oxidation leaching rapidly proceeds and produces solid elemental sulfur. These features are more advantageous than the classical pyrometallurgical method that releases gaseous SO 2, particularly for stibnite containing mercury. However, given the high time consumption, large amount of wastewater, and acid mist corrosion, this chlorination leaching …
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Antimony contamination, consequences and removal techniques: …
Sb as a heavy metal element arose people's attention because of its toxicity. Sb and its compounds easily combine with the internal sulfhydryl in animal or human body, interfering with the activity of the enzyme in the body and destroying the ion balance in the cell, leading to hypoxia (Ning and Xiao, 2007).This can lead to metabolic disorders that damage organs …
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(PDF) Pyrometallurgy
The technique route includes three stages: arsenic and antimony xides were leached from the copper smelter dust with hydrochloric acid; trivalent arsenic ions (As³⁺) were then reduced to ...
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A pyrometallurgical alternative: The refining electrolysis of lead …
In refining electrolysis in hexafluorosilic acid with current densities of 100 A/m2, it is possible to separate bismuth and antimony from prerefined lead bullion. Pure lead with less than 50 ppm bismuth and less than 100 ppm antimony was deposited at the cathode. The current efficiency was 99%, and the specific energy consumption was 30–40 kWh/t.Under the same conditions, …
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A review of the technologies for antimony recovery from refractory …
Antimony has been highlighted as a critical raw material in the EU owing to its economic significance and high supply risk. Due to the dispersed uses and low antimony concentration of the main antimony end-use, i.e. flame retardant in plastics, little antimony has been recovered from waste plastics to date.
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Pyrometallurgical Processing of Secondary Lead Material: An
This review presents and compares the different technologies available for pyrometallurgical processing of secondary lead materials. Smelting is most often achieved in reverberatory, blast, rotary or electric arc furnaces, using single or two stage routes. Thermal refining is the most common technique used for the production of lead and its alloys.
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Hydrometallurgically treating antimony-bearing industrial wastes
This paper outlines techniques for treat-ing antimony-containing wastes and offers ... In the pyrometallurgical production of antimony xide from antimony metal, waste accretions and residues ...
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A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony …
The current paper reviews the conventional pyrometallurgical processes and technologies that have been practiced for the treatment of antimony concentrates.
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A New Pyrometallurgical Process for Producing Antimony
They proposed a pyrometallurgical process based on reduction smelting, alkaline refining, and oxidation to extract antimony from antimony dust and produce Sb 2 O 3 with a …
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Copper and Antimony Recovery from Electronic Waste by
Physical-mechanical processes are only a pretreatment for size reduction and concentration of metallic fractions followed by pyrometallurgical techniques or hydrometallurgical processes. 3 The recovery of precious metals such as gold and palladium, 13,14 copper, 15,16 and rare earths 17 through pyrolysis methods has the disadvantage of using ...
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Copper and Antimony Recovery from Electronic Waste by
pyrometallurgical techniques or hydrometallurgical processes.3 The recovery of precious metals such as gold and palladium,13,14 copper,15,16 and rare earths17 through pyrolysis ... and antimony recovery from WPCBs that will allow identifying the key parameters to increase the process efficiency. Unlike
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Modern Tin, Antimony, Bismuth, Cadmium, and Mercury Industry …
The antimony industry in China evolved from the smelting process dominated by reduction roasting to the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes dominated by volatilization roasting–reduction smelting, developed a set of advanced mining, processing, and smelting processes such as wall filling (hydraulic prop roof support) mining and ...
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Antimony, a pollutant of emerging concern: A review on industrial
Antimony is produced through pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical routes. In pyrometallurgy, three different methodologies, according to the ore grade (i.e., antimony content), is used. ... Analytical techniques and methods used for antimony speciation analysis in biological matrices. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23 (10) (2008), pp. 1328-1340.
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Hydrometallurgically treating antimony-bearing industrial wastes
In many instances, by-products or wastes containing antimony are generated during metallurgical processes. Although these materials pose environmental, recycling, and marketing challenges worldwide, the use of antimony hydrometallurgical leaching principles and technologies may provide a remedy. This paper outlines techniques for treating antimony-containing wastes and …
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Techno-economic evaluation of antimony and bismuth upcycling …
Techno-economic evaluation of antimony and bismuth upcycling from pyrometallurgical copper wastes. Author links open overlay panel Sergi Vinardell a b, Da-Shuang Luo a b, Julio López a b, ... /Sb 2 O 3 (s) from the eluate generated during the polishing of the electrorefining electrolyte in pyrometallurgical copper plants is an economically ...
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Environmentally Friendly Leaching of Antimony from …
The extraction of antimony from ore is usually conducted via either hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical methods. While both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, hydrometallurgical techniques are better …
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A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony from …
A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony from Primary Resources: Current Practices and Evolving Processes Elmira Moosavi-Khoonsari, Sina Mostaghel, Andreas Siegmund and Jean-Pierre Cloutier Special Issue Process Analysis and …
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